![]() Localized to the outer membrane of the mitochondria, it mainly modulates the release of cytochrome c. (2) Bcl-2 family ( Figure 2B) regulates cells behavior through programmed cell death. There are 14 known proteins belonging to caspases classified according to their structure and function ( Figure 2A). (1) Caspases, aspartate-specific cysteine proteases possess a key role in apoptosis induction and are usually found as inactive heterodimers known as procaspases. Anti-apoptotic proteins are classified as BCL-2 multi-domain proteins (Bcl-xl, Bcl-b, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, Bf1 and DIVA/Boo) and BIR domain family (survivin, livin, bruce, c-IAP and x-IAP). ![]() Bcl-2 proteins are classified as multidomain proteins (Bax and Bak) and BH3 only domain that either serve in intermediate pathway (Bid and inhibitors of apoptotic inhibitors such as SMAC/Diablo, HRTA/Omi, Noxa, Puma, Arts and Bim). Caspases are further subdivided according to their role in apoptotic pathway. Pro-apoptotic proteins are classified into Caspases and BCL-2 families. ![]() ( B) Classification of apoptotic proteins according to their function in apoptosis. Caspases are divided into three subtypes: inflammatory caspases (1,4,5,11,12,13,14), initiator caspases in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways with long N terminal (2,8,9,10), and effector caspases known for their short/absent N-terminal (3,6,7).
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